Drugs and Medicine Made From Plants

Long before pure chemicals were manufactured in labs, people used plants for medicine. There are over 100 active ingredients derived from plants for use as drugs and medicines. This is by no means a comprehensive list of all of the plants, names of chemicals, or uses for those chemicals, but it should serve as a useful starting point for further research. The common name of a plant is noted next to its scientific name. Common names are imprecise and often assigned to completely different plants, so use the scientific name when looking for additional information concerning a plant. List of Drugs From Plants Drug/Chemical Action Plant Source Acetyldigoxin Cardiotonic Digitalis lanata (Grecian foxglove, woolly foxglove) Adoniside Cardiotonic Adonis vernalis (pheasant's eye, red chamomile) Aescin Antiinflammatory Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut) Aesculetin Antidysentery Frazinus rhychophylla Agrimophol Anthelmintic Agrimonia supatoria Ajmalicine Treatment for circulatory disorders Rauvolfia sepentina Allantoin Vulnerary Several plants Allyl isothiocyanate Rubefacient Brassica nigra (black mustard) Anabesine Skeletal muscle relaxant Anabasis sphylla Andrographolide Treatment for baccillary dysentery Andrographis paniculata Anisodamine Anticholinergic Anisodus tanguticus Anisodine Anticholinergic Anisodus tanguticus Arecoline Anthelmintic Areca catechu (betel nut palm) Asiaticoside Vulnerary Centella asiatica (gotu cola) Atropine Anticholinergic Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade) Benzyl benzoate Scabicide Several plants Berberine Treatment for bacillary dysentery Berberis vulgaris (common barberry) Bergenin Antitussive Ardisia japonica (marlberry) Betulinic acid Anticancerous Betula alba (common birch) Borneol Antipyretic, analgesic, antiinflammatory Several plants Bromelain Antiinflammatory, proteolytic Ananas comosus (pineapple) Caffeine CNS stimulant Camellia sinensis (tea, also coffee, cocoa and other plants) Camphor Rubefacient Cinnamomum camphora (camphor tree) Camptothecin Anticancerous Camptotheca acuminata (+)-Catechin Hemostatic Potentilla fragarioides Chymopapain Proteolytic, mucolytic Carica papaya (papaya) Cissampeline Skeletal muscle relaxant Cissampelos pareira (velvet leaf) Cocaine Local anaesthetic Erythroxylum coca (coca plant) Codeine Analgesic, antitussive Papaver somniferum (poppy) Colchiceine amide Antitumor agent Colchicum autumnale (autumn crocus) Colchicine Antitumor, antigout Colchicum autumnale (autumn crocus) Convallatoxin Cardiotonic Convallaria majalis (lily-of-the-valley) Curcumin Choleretic Curcuma longa (turmeric) Cynarin Choleretic Cynara scolymus (artichoke) Danthron Laxative Cassia species Demecolcine Antitumor agent Colchicum autumnale (autumn crocus) Deserpidine Antihypertensive, tranquilizer Rauvolfia canescens Deslanoside Cardiotonic Digitalis lanata (Grecian foxglove, woolly foxglove) L-Dopa Anti-parkinsonism Mucuna species (nescafe, cowage, velvetbean) Digitalin Cardiotonic Digitalis purpurea (purple foxglove) Digitoxin Cardiotonic Digitalis purpurea (purple foxglove) Digoxin Cardiotonic Digitalis purpurea (purple or common foxglove) Emetine Amoebicide, emetic Cephaelis ipecacuanha Ephedrine Sympathomimetic, antihistamine Ephedra sinica (ephedra, ma huang) Etoposide Antitumor agent Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple) Galanthamine Cholinesterase inhibitor Lycoris squamigera (magic lily, resurrection lily, naked lady) Gitalin Cardiotonic Digitalis purpurea (purple or common foxglove) Glaucarubin Amoebicide Simarouba glauca (paradise tree) Glaucine Antitussive Glaucium flavum (yellow hornpoppy, horned poppy, sea poppy) Glasiovine Antidepressant Octea glaziovii Glycyrrhizin Sweetener, treatment for Addison's disease Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) Gossypol Male contraceptive Gossypium species (cotton) Hemsleyadin Treatment for bacillary dysentery Hemsleya amabilis Hesperidin Treatment for capillary fragility Citrus species (e.g., oranges) Hydrastine Hemostatic, astringent Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal) Hyoscyamine Anticholinergic Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane, stinking nightshade, henpin) Irinotecan Anticancer, antitumor agent Camptotheca acuminata Kaibic acud Ascaricide Digenea simplex (wireweed) Kawain Tranquilizer Piper methysticum (kava kava) Kheltin Bronchodilator Ammi visaga Lanatosides A, B, C Cardiotonic Digitalis lanata (Grecian foxglove, woolly foxglove) Lapachol Anticancer, antitumor Tabebuia species (trumpet tree) a-Lobeline Smoking deterrant, respiratory stimulant Lobelia inflata (Indian tobacco) Menthol Rubefacient Mentha species (mint) Methyl salicylate Rubefacient Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen) Monocrotaline Topical antitumor agent Crotalaria sessiliflora Morphine Analgesic Papaver somniferum (poppy) Neoandrographolide Treatment of dysentery Andrographis paniculata Nicotine Insecticide Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) Nordihydroguaiaretic acid Antioxidant Larrea divaricata (creosote bush) Noscapine Antitussive Papaver somniferum (poppy) Ouabain Cardiotonic Strophanthus gratus (ouabain tree) Pachycarpine Oxytocic Sophora pschycarpa Palmatine Antipyretic, detoxicant Coptis japonica (Chinese goldenthread, goldthread, Huang-Lia) Papain Proteolytic, mucolytic Carica papaya (papaya) Papavarine Smooth muscle relaxant Papaver somniferum (opium poppy, common poppy) Phyllodulcin Sweetener Hydrangea macrophylla (bigleaf hydrangea, French hydrangea) Physostigmine Cholinesterase inhibitor Physostigma venenosum (Calabar bean) Picrotoxin Analeptic Anamirta cocculus (fish berry) Pilocarpine Parasympathomimetic Pilocarpus jaborandi (jaborandi, Indian hemp) Pinitol Expectorant Several plants (e.g., bougainvillea) Podophyllotoxin Antitumor, anticancer agent Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple) Protoveratrines A, B Antihypertensives Veratrum album (white false hellebore) Pseudoephredrine Sympathomimetic Ephedra sinica (ephedra, ma huang) nor-pseudoephedrine Sympathomimetic Ephedra sinica (ephedra, ma huang) Quinidine Antiarrhythmic Cinchona ledgeriana (quinine tree) Quinine Antimalarial, antipyretic Cinchona ledgeriana (quinine tree) Qulsqualic acid Anthelmintic Quisqualis indica (Rangoon creeper, drunken sailor) Rescinnamine Antihypertensive, tranquilizer Rauvolfia serpentina Reserpine Antihypertensive, tranquilizer Rauvolfia serpentina Rhomitoxin Antihypertensive, tranquilizer Rhododendron molle (rhododendron) Rorifone Antitussive Rorippa indica Rotenone Piscicide, Insecticide Lonchocarpus nicou Rotundine Analagesic, sedative, traquilizer Stephania sinica Rutin Treatment for capillary fragility Citrus species (e.g., orange, grapefruit) Salicin Analgesic Salix alba (white willow) Sanguinarine Dental plaque inhibitor Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot) Santonin Ascaricide Artemisia maritma (wormwood) Scillarin A Cardiotonic Urginea maritima (squill) Scopolamine Sedative Datura species (e.g., Jimsonweed) Sennosides A, B Laxative Cassia species (cinnamon) Silymarin Antihepatotoxic Silybum marianum (milk thistle) Sparteine Oxytocic Cytisus scoparius (scotch broom) Stevioside Sweetener Stevia rebaudiana (stevia) Strychnine CNS stimulant Strychnos nux-vomica (poison nut tree) Taxol Antitumor agent Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew) Teniposide Antitumor agent Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple or mandrake) Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Antiemetic, decreases occular tension Cannabis sativa (marijuana) Tetrahydropalmatine Analgesic, sedative, tranquilizer Corydalis ambigua Tetrandrine Antihypertensive Stephania tetrandra Theobromine Diuretic, vasodilator Theobroma cacao (cocoa) Theophylline Diuretic, bronchodilator Theobroma cacao and others (cocoa, tea) Thymol Topical antifungal Thymus vulgaris (thyme) Topotecan Antitumor, anticancer agent Camptotheca acuminata Trichosanthin Abortifacient Trichosanthes kirilowii (snake gourd) Tubocurarine Skeletal muscle relaxant Chondodendron tomentosum (curare vine) Valapotriates Sedative Valeriana officinalis (valerian) Vasicine Cerebral stimulant Vinca minor (periwinkle) Vinblastine Antitumor, Antileukemic agent Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) Vincristine Antitumor, Antileukemic agent Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) Yohimbine Aphrodisiac Pausinystalia yohimbe (yohimbe) Yuanhuacine Abortifacient Daphne genkwa (lilac) Yuanhuadine Abortifacient Daphne genkwa (lilac) Source Taylor, Leslie.  Plant Based Drugs and Medicines.  Square One Publishers, 2000, Garden City Park, N.Y.

On Confucius and Confucianism - 1665 Words

Name Date Confuscius was a man of hard work and calm demeanor. As a child he grew up in poverty and became disgusted with the way the rich lived their everyday lives. As he grew older and learned more of the world, his wisdom grew. His wisdom grew so much so that his students wrote down, through Analects, his words. It is through these words one might suggest Confucius was a sage, or a perfect man. That was not the case. His life was that of a hardwoking individual who lived and died. He himself was not one to claim sainthood or sage status. Confucius did not regard himself a sage or saint but a junzi (Ã¥ â€ºÃ¥ ­  man/men of great virtue; also called daren Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¤ º º). Junzi are neither perfect nor infallible. They make mistakes. ( Confucian Thought on Heaven and Humanity Chinese Handicrafts and Traditional Chinese Arts, n.d., p. 1) He knew his place in the world was not about title or prestige, but about living a life of kindness, caution, and good faith. It was through this he believed one could attain a state of heaven. As mentioned before, the rich was often a concept Confuscius met with disdain. He believed the rich gained their wealth through dishonrable means. If there were an honorable way to get rich, Id do it, even if it meant being a stooge standing around with a whip. But there isnt an honorable way, so I just do what I like. (Waley, 2013, Chapter 12 Book 7) He did not mind the idea of being rich, but he wanted to pursue it in a way that preseved his integrity.Show MoreRelated Confucius and Confucianism Essay788 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most famous people in ancient China was a wise philosopher named Confucius (circa 551-479 BC). He was a great Chinese philosopher, educator, and political figure. His teachings and proverbs are in the Analects, which is the base of many Chinese theories. He was born in the village of Zou, and the state of Lu. 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The philosophy of Confucianism comes mainly from the speeches and writings of Confucius, a great Chinese thinker and educator. He believed that Humanity, Rite, Neutrality, Virtue, Education, and Cultivation were the basisRead MoreConfucianism Is An Ethical And Philosophical System1226 Words   |  5 PagesConfucianism is an ethical and philosophical system, originated from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479 BCE). Often viewed as a religion, Confucianism can be understood as a way of thinking or living. Confucius thought the world was made of orderly hierarchies in both of family and government, and that people at the top of the hierarchy should rule with kindness to win the respect of their people. Where Legalism emphasizes law. The law rewards who ob eys and punish who break

Tuck Everlasting Book Reveiw Free Essays

Tuck Everlasting Winifred Foster Winifred (Winnie) Foster was born into an affluent family. Her parents, Mr. and Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on Tuck Everlasting Book Reveiw or any similar topic only for you Order Now Foster owned the nearby forest. One day while she was catching lightning bugs Winnie was visited by a peculiar man in a yellow suit, he was looking for someone, but he didn’t say who. The next day Winnie ran away after getting annoyed by her parents†¦ The Tucks The Tucks had a secret. In the forest owned by the fosters there is a fresh water spring if you drink this water you will stay the way you are forever and never die. Without knowing about the defect the Tucks drunk some of the water out of the spring. Now in the 1880’s, 85 years later from when they drunk from the spring they were still alive without their secret being discovered yet†¦ Both Worlds Collide Until Winnie Foster sees Jesse Tuck drinking from the spring. To keep her from telling the secret the Tucks temporarily â€Å"kidnap† her promising to take her back home once she understood the reason why she could not tell anyone about the spring. Soon rouble rises when the peculiar man in the yellow suit hears Mae Tuck telling Winnie about the spring. What will happen to the Tucks and Winnie? Read this book to find out. My Opinion This book was not one of my favorites because I like books that have more mystery and romance in them and Tuck Everlasting is a little more historical fiction. Movie vs. Book People always say the book is always better than the movie but in my opinion this was not the case with Tuck Everlasting. After watching the movie I was a bit isappointed that the book was not better. I actually liked the movie’s plot better than the books because of the following reason’s. 1. In the book Winnie is 10 turning 11 but, in the movie Winnie was 14 going on 15. 1 think that 15 was a good age for Winnie to because of the events that happened it seemed more likely for a girl who is 15 to experience all these things rather than a girl who was 11 . 2. In the book all the main events happened in a span of 3 days while in the movie he events happened in a time span of weeks. How to cite Tuck Everlasting Book Reveiw, Papers

Largest Retailers Operating In The International Domain

Question: Discuss about the analysis and discussion, it can be inferred that Tesco is one of the largest retailers operating in the international domain with high potentiality of growth? Answer: Introduction The contemporary business scenario is witnessing a significant rise in the level of market competition due to the factors concerning gaining momentum of globalisation and introduction of new and innovative technologies. It is strongly believed that increase in the level of business market competition has certainly resulted into the development and the application of numerous marketing strategies that are directed towards enhancing the growth and the profitability level of the organisations as well as overcoming the challenges underlying competition. A major contribution to the overall growth and development of an organisation is propelled by the customers, who are treated as the king. In order to enhance the level of competitiveness and differentiate the products and/or services that offer by a company from its competitors, an increased level of emphasis must be laid on augmenting customer satisfaction (Gilligan, 2012). In this regard, it is worth mentioning that an increased level o f emphasis placed on gaining the satisfaction level of the customers will certainly enable the companies to ensure their market sustainability in the long run. Moreover, it can be inferred that greater extent of customer satisfaction may facilitate the companies to raise business reputation and ensure that the customers remain loyal to the maximum possible extent. Correspondingly, in order to retain the existing customers, utmost attention must be paid on meeting their own requirements, which can be duly measured in the form of offering them with quality products and/or services (Hassan Parves, 2013). It can be apparently noted that for attracting and retaining customers, organisations of this modern day context, nowadays, use a variety of strategies such as relationship marketing, transactional marketing, scarcity marketing, viral marketing, mass marketing and word of mouth marketing among others. Concerning its increased popularity and benefits, relationship marketing can be considered as one of the core marketing strategies, which is being applied by the organisations for ensuring that they are able to prosper in present time as well as in recent future. Relationship marketing is deemed to be the process directed towards creation, maintenance as well as enhancement of value-driven relationships with the various stakeholders associated with a company (Bidgoli, 2010). Noticeably, relationship marketing is considered as a vital aspect of marketing, as it focuses on enhancing customer retention along with increasing the level of satisfaction, rather than concentrating on augmenting product sales. Moreover, emphasis needs to be placed on the fact that relationship marketing enables in establishing long-term association with the customers (Gillies, Rigby Reichheld, 2002). With respect to the above stated context, this essay tends to develop an understanding of the concept underlying relationship marketing as a strategy used by a company towards attracting and retaining customers. In this regard, the example of Tesco PLC has been taken into concern, wherein, the use of relationship marketing strategy by the company will be analysed. Furthermore, the essay will highlight the existing and/or the potential relationships persisting within Tesco. The essay will also further demonstrate an understanding of the opportunities as well as the threats faced by Tesco while executing relationship marketing as a strategy during the conduct of operations. Correspondingly, due emphasis will be placed towards the demonstration of an understanding regarding the assessment of the role and the significance of customer relationship management within Tesco in different marketing situations. Finally, prior to prescribing the recommendations and arriving at a valid conclusion , the essay will detail the application of relationship marketing principles with respect to Tesco. A Brief Overview of Tesco PLC Tesco is a famous and one of the largest retail companies engaged in trade of general merchandise products. The company has an employee base of more than 480,000 and is presently operating in 11 nations across the European and the Asian business markets. Specifically mentioning, more than 80 million customers visit the companys store as a part of their shopping trips on a weekly basis (1Tesco 2016). Considering the financial status, Tesco had a group sale of 69.7bn as on 2014-15. The trading profits for the company amounted to 1.4bn for the same fiscal year (2Tesco 2016). Tesco is dedicated towards ensuring high level of customer satisfaction, which is mostly propelled by its underlying values and purposes. The prime purpose of Tesco is to ensure that its customers are able to develop their respective living standards to the maximum possible extent. Moreover, it must be mentioned that Tesco, in its attempt to ensure optimum customer satisfaction, has largely incorporated the relation ship marketing strategy, which can be apparently noted from the companys core practices. In this regard, one of the core practices, which followed by the company, can be reckoned as understanding the people associated with the company including the communities, customers and the employees. The company further aims at ensuring that it is able to accomplish the objectives that are targeted towards meeting the needs of the people by collaborating with them, understanding their requirements and acting in an innovative way towards sufficing their needs. Community development is further being paid considerable level of attention by Tesco, wherein, the company considers working with the team as an integrated way by establishing greater respect and trust, listening and supporting the views of others along with sharing experiences and knowledge towards enhancing future prospects. Tesco further stresses on the need to create value generation by the ways of exploring number of opportunities an d reducing the wastage of food on a global scale (3Tesco 2016). Evaluation of the Existing and/or Potential Relationships Persisting Within Tesco Tesco is identified to pay utmost attention on the need of developing potential relationships with its customers, which can be attributed with the relationship marketing strategy. Evidently, Tesco has increasingly concentrated on making better use of customer relationship management (CRM) approach towards ensuring that it is able to develop sustainable association with its potential customers. Value creation is considered as a fundamental objective of the company based on which it is able to ensure customer loyalty in the longer run. In order to accomplish predetermined organisational objectives, the company tends to promote its sales and likewise boost profitability level by focusing on direct selling and email marketing. In the year 1995, Tesco launched the Club Card scheme, which was directed towards ensuring that the customers are benefitted through the services in a unique manner. This facility is considered as proving effective for the company, since it is able to make sure tha t the existing customers are able to receive information regarding the beneficial deals and any offer on the respective products and/or services. In relation to the above stated context, Tescos engagement with its stakeholders is further evident across the various roles played by the company in enhancing its relationship with the internal as well as the external stakeholders. In this regard, it must be noted that from the part of augmenting the existing relationship persisting within the company and the communities, Tesco is engaged in providing support and encouragement to the local societies in addressing the problems such as food poverty. To be specific, Tesco has laid immense focus on mitigating food poverty by being associated with certain Trusts such as The Trussell Trust and FareShare for organising neighbourhood food collection activities. As a part of conducting national charity programs, Tesco has partnered with Diabetes UK towards ensuring a substantial reduction in the number of people facing diabetes and support healthy living (4Tesco 2016). Tesco has further tied up with Community Champions who act as representat ives of Tesco towards makings sure that the company is able to offer required advantages to the local communities. Commendably, the Community Champions provided the required support at the local store level in the form of getting involved in varied activities such as fundraising, donations, bag packing and the UK store collections as well (5Tesco 2016). As a premier retail trade company based in the UK, Tesco has ensured its long-term association with British Red Cross. This can be justified with reference to the fact that the partnership has enabled the company to conduct several community based activities successfully that entail corporate donations, colleague fundraising and most importantly in-store bucket collections among others. The partnership further enabled Tesco to participate in supporting the emergency needs of the people in the UK during adverse situations, recent examples being the Tunisian attack in 2015 and Ebola Outbreak Appeal during 2014. British Red Cross Disaster Relief Alliance is yet another vital partner whose support enabled the company to conduct recovery works and perform response activities on a larger scale (6Tesco 2016). Notably, another prominent step undertaken by Tesco towards fostering its existing and potential relationship with the customers is its newly launched innovative scheme of store surplus. The scheme incorporates allocation of the surplus food products available in the store to the charities and people who are in the urgent need for food. The scheme is promoted by the FareShare FoodCloud app, which tends to notify people regarding availability of food surplus in stores (7Tesco 2016). Towards fostering its internal relationships, Tesco further prioritised development of relationships with its employees, who are considered as the most vital pillars of the company. Thus, Tesco made deliberate efforts in ensuring that its employees are provided with required support and able to notice the changes undergoing within the organisation in the initial stages. Making the employees feel proud and letting them to serve the customers in a better way are certain other core fundamentals prioritised by Tesco. Emphasis is further laid on making sure that the employees are provided with the required training programmes that facilitate wider development of their skills and competencies towards serving customers effectively (8Tesco 2016). On a further note, Tesco further placed attention on establishing, developing and preserving relationships with the suppliers as a part of trading responsibility. In this regard, due consideration is placed over value creation for fostering partnerships with the suppliers and likewise ensuring that they are able to gain mutual expertise based on an open and transparent relationship. Furthermore, an increased level of emphasis is placed towards negotiating with the suppliers on behalf of the customers, thereby ensuring deliverance of a volume-led recovery approach (9Tesco 2016). Commendably, Tesco further directed its activities towards creation of several opportunities such as employment generation and transition facility from the education sector towards gaining employment by collaborating with several establishments. In this context, a few of the establishments include Young Peoples Panels and Tesco Youth Academy that are directed towards providing employment along with designing q uality training and development programmes for the youths (10Tesco 2016). Improvements in the health of people and lessening wastage on food products can be duly considered yet other important factors that reveal the foundation of a stronger relationship amid the company and its respective stakeholders (11Tesco 2016). Opportunities and Challenges Facing Tesco Being a premier retail company having its headquarter positioned in the UK, Tesco adopted and implemented various effective strategies in order to attain its desired organisational targets that eventually supported the company to explore various opportunities and face certain challenges as well. In this regard, one of the core opportunities underlying Tesco is its expansion in the international markets, enabling the company to explore further opportunities. Justifiably, Tescos expansion in the new markets is widely evident in its success in the nations such as India, where it has been able to open its stores based on having joint venture with Tata. Moreover, Tesco further gained success while operating in other nations as well like Hungary, Ireland, Malaysia and China (Clark, Peck Payne, 1999). Notably, an increased level of emphasis needs to be placed on the opportunity for Tesco underlying market expansion. Apart from the food products sector, a few of the markets wherein Tesco ai ms to expand itself can be attributed with digital entertainment sector. For instance, Tesco has made considerable level of investments in the entertainment company, Blinkbox. Apart from this, Tesco further made strategic moves towards offering phones and tablets in its own name, especially in foreign markets such as China and Malaysia. Online shopping sector provides yet another significant advantage to Tesco, which made the company to rethink about the customers facing mobility issues and the prospect to its business operations (Wadekar, 2007). In certain nations, Tesco holds the capability of exploring the private label markets and thus possess the opportunity of getting further engaged into strategic alliances with the partners, ensuring that it is able to meet the dissimilar needs and the requirements of its potential customers (Ruther, 2003). Contrary to the opportunities available for Tesco, the company is open to face a number of challenges that might have a negative influence on its future operations. A significant growth in grocery retail sector of the UK has resulted into increased level of competition. Specifically mentioning, in its home market, Tesco is facing continuous challenge from its competitors such as Sainsbury, Aldi and Morrisons amongst others. Moreover, acquisitions made by the competitors such as in the case of Asda by Wal-Mart has raised important concerns for Tesco, considering the fact that Wal-Mart is regarded as the biggest global competitor of Tesco in the international market. Furthermore, Wal -Mart can further face challenges associated with recession, labour threats, increased level of government regulations, pressure from stakeholders along with an increase in inflation and higher global food prices (Evans, O'Malley Patterson, 2004). Correspondingly, Tescos image as a brand known for engaging customer relationship can decline with a rise in the number of competitors applying similar strategies of the company such as discounts during festive seasons and lessening prices. Challenges associated with declining levels of employee morale attributed with cost-cutting and elimination of pension schemes have further imposed negative influence on the overall performance of the company by a considerable extent (Butler, 2015). Assessment of the Role and the Significance of Customer Relationship Management within Tesco in Different Marketing Situations From the above discussion, it has been clear that Tesco made deliberate efforts in forming, developing and maintaining favourable association with its customers, despite the challenges and the opportunities being faced by the company different market situations. Justifiably, Tesco took its first step in introducing CRM during the early 1990s when it entered into a relationship with dunnhumby towards launching loyalty cards, specifically known as the Tesco Clubcard (Dowling, 2003). This enabled Tesco to boost its CRM approach by way of ensuring that customers are able to reap significant benefits from the savings while making purchases. By the year 2012, Tesco launched such services across various nations where it operated its business. As a part of its CRM initiative, Tesco further launched The First Class Service during the period 1993-1994. Additionally, in order to ensure that the customers are provided with the best possible services, Tesco inaugurated the One on Front service, w hich enabled reducing the time required for check-out times. Use of club card facility further assisted the company to generate information about customer services, product promotion, market research and pricing as well as merchandising among others. During the period 2011-2002, Tesco adopted the concepts such as Learn Thinking and Customer Championship that enabled the company to establish strong relation with its customers. Specifically mentioning, the grocery retail sector was classified as a monopoly market in the UK during the 1990s. Tesco was able to dominate in the UK market by prioritising launch of several initiatives such as My Time campaign, which helped in providing relevant information to the people concerning spa, offers, price reductions and designer wear (Gamble, Stone Woodcock, 2006). Reflecting upon its core aims and objectives, Tesco practiced its knowledge and skills concerning development of relationship with the customers based on the thoughts and the feelings with regards to grocery shopping. Balancing the business with the customers can be duly considered as another vital aspect, which is typically based on the factors such as culture persisting in the company and knowledge regarding customers tastes as well as preferences. As a part of CRM initiative, Tesco came up with the idea of introducing new store layouts such as Tesco Express, Metro and Extra. This CRM initiative of Tesco further considered as one of the most influential approaches, which has been framed based on the companys core values and principles (Blythe, 2012). With the changing scenario and a shift in the market situation from monopoly to perfect competition, Tesco emphasised re-launching the club card service towards ensuring that it is able to compete with the other market players. It is worth mentioning in this regard that the company prioritised introducing CRM programmes with respect to the integration of relationship marketing based on customer orientation and philosophy. Notably, recognition as well as selection of target customers was considered as yet another strategy directed towards ensuring the application of CRM initiatives undertaken by the company. During the period 2011-2012, Tescos market share saw a considerable level of reduction as a result of intensified business market competition (Gummesson, 2011). In order to promote its services and enhance the level of customer satisfaction, Tesco adopted several strategic steps ranging from an increase in the number of employees to redesigning of the stores. Engagement with the customers was further fostered based on the developments underlying brand image and customer satisfaction that were provided utmost level of consideration. In an attempt to regain its market share, Tesco made substantial investments in click and collect services along with rebranding of Everyday Value aspect that further directed towards promoting brand communication and advertisement (Dahln, Lange Smith, 2010). In the perfect competitive market characterised by several firms competing for attaining desired targets, it is evident that there has been a significant rise in the demand of the people with products serving variety of needs at competitive rates. In this concern, the re-launch of loyalty programs play a vital role towards ensuring that the customers are abl e to maintain adequate level of sales standards (Christopher, Payne Ballantyne, 2013). Developments underlying discount in-store services along with a decline in the popularity of club cards certainly made Tescos activities focussed on introducing new schemes such as engaging with customers by way of advertisements through magazines that encompass information regarding latest products as well as services. Furthermore, Tesco has ensured that it is able to integrate CRM approach within the company in a reframed manner by way of ensuring that the customers are able to get in touch with the company and purchase the products as well as services, thereby facilitating effective relationship marketing. Moreover, an increased level of emphasis needs to be placed on development of an understanding regarding the Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-Business (B2C) initiatives taken by Tesco (Varey, 2003). In order to maximise its relationship with the customers; Tesco has facilitated direct sales of its products via e-commerce website. Moreover, as part of its B2C market sit uation, Tesco has been propelling its CRM initiatives by the way of offering customers with access to a varied range of products and/or services via online modes that are further supported by various payment gateways. This can be further associated with the electronic relationships that enabled strengthening the relationship amid the company and the customers. Correspondingly, B2B is supported by channelizing the activities that perform by the suppliers, enhancing supply chain relationship with redefining the procedures of physical distribution and logistics amid the crucial ones (Shajahan, 2006). Application of Relationship Marketing Principles in Tesco Tesco, in the international business markets, is continuously growing in the form of expanding its business by adopting various strategies that are directed towards building superior relationship with the respective stakeholders. Consideration of the approach of strengthening the relationship with such stakeholders certainly led Tesco to generate greater level of value, thereby widening the opportunity towards developing overall profitability as well as productivity levels. Besides, it has been argued that in order to maintain and attain competitive position in the international domain, the company must strengthen its business relationship with the stakeholders (Gummesson, 2012; Godson, 2009). Tesco, while working in the international domain, pays utmost attention on an important fact of integrating the principles of relationship marketing in the working environment, facilitating the organisation to build a strong presence in the market. Payne and Ballantyne proposed the approach of Six Markets Model, which considers six different domains of markets (Freeman et al., 2010). Theoretically, each market domains in relation to the above stated model gets subdivided in such a way that it covers all the relevant stakeholder groups. Such market domains usually include supplier and alliance markets, customer markets, internal markets, influence markets referral markets and recruitment markets (Percy et al., 2010). Correspondingly, in the context of international business, Tesco with the approach of relationship marketing, has been able to the make its marketing presence by the ways of organising effective direct marketing campaigns and framing effective strategies that focus on developing customer retention and stakeholder satisfaction perspectives. It is strongly believed that Tesco, considering the approach of relationship marketing in its business operations, is able to direct its focus on valuing customers over enhancing the sale revenue as per the expectation level (Hassan Parves, 2013). As per the theoretical approach, the concept of relationship marketing is deemed to be quite dissimilar from the traditional form of marketing. The approach leads the organisations towards building and enhancing stakeholders value, thereby resulting into forming better and favourable communication. It has been often argued that in the current business environment with advancement in technologies and thei r roles in the business practices, the concept of relationship marketing is evolving as an integral approach to form effective communication with the stakeholders and likewise promote collaboration. The approach of Tescos relationship marketing includes the prospect of efforts to develop inbound marketing, enhancing Public Relationship (PR), social media communication and strengthen the online platform. Besides, the working of Tesco in the international markets with the approach of relationship marketing is evident to get highly developed with the reengineering of varied operational functions (Bollen Emes, 2008). In this regard, Tesco developed a cross-sectional team, which enables in smooth functioning of the organisational operations in a common direction and functionality. According to Little Marandi (2003), to develop relationship marketing approach, cross-functional team is required to be building with increased focus on collaboration factor. The principle approach of Tesco to develop relationship with its potential customers in the global environment is identified to ensure making frequent communication regarding its offerings by using the approach of direct mailing. With this concern, it can be affirmed that Tesco identified the approach of relationship marketing as a key strategy to retain its competitiveness in the international marketplaces. Justifiably, frequent communication with the customers will certainly allow the organisation to strengthen its loyalty and thus meet their individual needs and demands (Oly Ndubisi, 2007). By taking into concern the approach of relationship marketing, which Tesco uses while performing different operational functions, it has been quite clear that the company remains much conscious on understanding the customers needs and tries to adopt such strategies that help to suffice such needs. This is mainly being performed by offering information about the new offerings, deals as well as d iscounting offers to the customers through e-mails. Notably, one of the key approaches of relationship marketing, which Tesco introduced during the year 1995, was the loyalty card. This particular approach or principle evidently enabled the company business to strengthen its customer base to over 9.5 million (Gilbert, 2003). In accordance with the Six Markets Model, Tesco, in order to strengthen its competitive position in the market, place the customers as its centre point of focus and likewise develop effective strategies to optimise its relationship with the customers. The referral market of Tesco includes the potential customers who are highly satisfied with the offerings of the company and influenced their buying behaviours in a positive way by recommending to others (Mollah, 2014). Influenced markets of Tesco include competitors, regulatory bodies, government, consumer groups and regulatory bodies among others. The principle approach of the business to strengthen such relationship can be better understood from following the rules and the norms relating to business operations and environmental concerns. In addition, the recruitment markets of the business are deemed to be selection of potential employees with utmost consideration of external as well as internal approaches. The potential employees ar e recruited externally by using companys official website and internally through the promotion and rotation of job roles of the employees (Dibb, 2012). Similarly, Customer Loyalty Ladder of Tesco is also identified to be a key approach of strengthening the relationship with the customers. Tesco, with varied Integrated Marketing Communications method, has been successful in developing the approach of relationship marketing. One of the key approaches of loyalty programmes of Tesco is Tesco Clubcard, which consistently helped in adding value to the customers and likewise strengthening the prospect of relationship with the end users. This card gets scanned with every transaction and likewise information about the customers is being recorded in the database. The stored information of the customers is further being used to develop strong connection with the customers, influencing their buying at large (Rther, 2003). The Loyalty Ladder of Tesco has been depicted in the graphical form below for better understanding of the above stated context. Source: (Rther, 2003) Supplier and alliance markets of Tesco includes such suppliers that play the role of forming partnership with the organisation to supplement and fulfil customers demands. The relationship is developed with the involvement of the supplier groups in the decision-making procedure and promoting their views that help in providing quality products and/or services to the customers and raising the market share of the business. Lastly, the internal market of Tesco denotes strengthening human resource (HR) department of the organisation. Specially mentioning, the business highly focuses on developing effective strategies that empower mutual relationship amid the employees and the higher authorities, as an integral aspect of success (Black, 2014). Apparently, considerable importance of the business is given over the approach of cross culture aspects in the working environment, aiding the company to remain continuously engaged in delivering beneficial as well as quality products and/or services to its ultimate customers. Additionally, in the context of international business, Tesco observed to remain highly concerned with its conduct of operations in an ethical manner with maintaining diversity in the workforce (Winterman, 2013). Recommendations To overcome the difficulties and raising the competitiveness of the business in the international environment, the organisations need to become highly sensitive over the aspects of cultural differences and strengthening the relationship with the stakeholders. Apart from this, higher level of trust among the working groups as well as the communities is also equally important in order to foster the relationship with the stakeholders. With this concern, incorporating higher level of attention and minimising the conflicts in the internal environment could further assist in communicating effectively with different stakeholders attached with Tesco (Hougaard Bjerre, 2013). With regards to the approach of relationship marketing, it is highly been important that two-way communication is thus formed, developed and maintained by the help of accessing feedback mechanisms in the official website, developing e-newsletters, conducting customer surveys and/or refurbishing message boards. Besides, f actors including respect and proper communication with the workforce, communication pattern, values of group and community, respectfulness of culture and high importance over the personal factors of the customers, employees and other stakeholders of the business must be duly considered in the context of developing business relationship (Hennig-Thurau Hansen, 2013). For the organisations like, Tesco with respect to international business, it is important that they should endure the aspect of cultural differences and likewise gain immense success. Based on the perceptions of Sorce (2002), in order to build superior marketing relationship, enhancing the level of customer satisfaction is deemed to be highly important. Thus, in this regard, Tesco must pay utmost attention on delivering superior quality of products and/or services to retain its existence in the respective industry. Building favourable relationship with the existing customers will certainly help to create repeat purchases and likely improve responsiveness of other customers as well. Correspondingly, by developing a strong-shared knowledge in the organisational culture, mutual understanding, and negotiation with different stakeholders will also prove to be quite beneficial in developing strong marketing relationship (Grnroos, 2009). Spencer-Oatey (2013) reflected that motivating the internal workforce is identified to be the key approach with respect to managing the cross-cultural aspects and developing relationship and cooperation within Tesco. In this regard, it can be recommended that understanding the prevailing cultural differences in the context of international environment may foster the approach of relationship marketing by a certain level. Hanley Leahy (2009) further suggested that retail businesses like Tesco could enhance the above stated factor by ensuring high customers loyalty as well as inducement of club marketing programmes in the departmental stores(Hanley Leahy, 2009). Conclusions Based on the above analysis and discussion, it can be inferred that Tesco is one of the largest retailers operating in the international domain with high potentiality of growth. However, performing operations in the international arena as per the desired level is deemed to be one of the challenging tasks for the retail giants. Throughout the discussion, it can also be ascertained that the factor of relationship marketing has immense importance especially in performing international business efficiently, as different stakeholders of the businesses impose considerable impact on organisational success or failure. In the current scenario, with the continuous advancement in the technologies, the organisations considerably induce the approach of exceeding the level of expectations of the customers in order to develop long-term relationship with them. In this similar concern, Tesco is also noted to induce the approach of relationship marketing in order to retain its customers and increase t he level of customer satisfaction. Besides, Tesco strongly believe that inducing the approach of relationship marketing will help its business to explore new opportunities and form better personal relationship with the stakeholders, sufficing the requirements of the customers at large. Amongst several initiatives, Club Marketing Programmes is identified to be one of the key strategies, which helps in attracting new customer group. Nevertheless, the organisation, in order to develop effective relationship marketing approach, it can focus upon refurbishing the approach of cross-cultural management by considering the aspect of cultural differences. An assessment of the aforementioned discussion provides an understanding about the importance of the potential relationships existing within Tesco. It is worth mentioning that the above discussion further provided a comprehensive understanding about the opportunities and the threats facing Tesco and the way they influenced the internal as well as the external stakeholders. Correspondingly, due consideration was placed towards elaborating on the CRM approaches undertaken by Tesco towards ensuring that it is able to establish, compete and win the grocery retail markets in the UK, serving customers effectively. To be specific, the study further elaborated on the use of CRM strategies by Tesco in different marketing situations, along with highlighting the B2B and B2C initiatives taken by the company towards enhancing the level of customer satisfaction. References Bidgoli, H 2010,The Handbook of Technology Management, Supply Chain Management, Marketing and Advertising, and Global Management(Vol. 2), John Wiley Sons. Black, O 2014, The bottom line is Tesco's culture needs to change. Companies, viewed 10 January 2016, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/11141259/The-bottom-line-is-Tescos-culture-needs-to-change.html. Blythe, J 2012.CIM Coursebook Marketing Essentials, London, Routledge. Bollen, A. Emes, C 2008, Understanding customer relationships, Ipsos MORI, pp.1-47. Butler, S 2015, Tesco - six challenges in store for Matt Davies, Tesco, viewed 10 January 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/may/11/tesco-six-challenges-in-store-for-matt-davies. Christopher, M, Payne, A and Ballantyne, D 2013.Relationship Marketing, UK, Taylor Francis. Clark, M, Peck, H and Payne, A 1999, Relationship Marketing: Strategy and Implementation. UK, Taylor Francis. Dahln, M, Lange, F and Smith, T 2010,Marketing communications: a brand narrative approach, US, John Wiley Sons. Dibb, S 2012, Marketing briefs: A revision and study guide, Routledge, UK. Dowling, G 2003, Customer relationship management: In B2C markets, often less is more,Quality control and applied statistics,Vol. 48, No. 4, pp.397-398. Evans, M, O'Malley, L and Patterson, M 2004,Exploring direct and relationship marketing, US, Cengage Learning EMEA. Freeman, R.E., Harrison, J.S., Wicks, A.C., Parmar, B.L. De Colle, S 2010, Stakeholder theory: The state of the art. Cambridge University Press, UK. Gamble, P, Stone, M, and Woodcock, N 2006, Up Close Personal?: Customer Relationship Marketing at Work, London, Kogan Page Publishers. Gilbert, D 2003, Retail marketing management, Pearson Education, India. Gillies, C, Rigby, D and Reichheld, F 2002. The story behind successful customer relations management,European Business Journal,Vol. 14, No.2, p.73. Gilligan, C 2012, Tescos Clubcard Customer Relationship Management Programme The Challenges of Coming to Terms with a Changing Market, pp. 1-12. Godson, M 2009, Relationship marketing, OUP Oxford, UK. Grnroos, C 2009, Marketing as promise management: Regaining customer management for marketing, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, vol. 24, no. 5/6, pp. 351-359. Gummesson, E 2011, Total Relationship Marketing, London, Routledge. Gummesson, E 2012, Total relationship marketing, Routledge, UK. Hanley, S. Leahy, R 2009. The effectiveness of relationship marketing strategies in department stores, International Journal of Business and Management, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 133. Hassan, A and Parves, M 2013, A Comparative Case Study Investigating the Adoption of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) The Case of Tesco and Sainsburys,International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains,Vol.4, No.1, p.1. Hassan, A. Parves, M 2013, A comparative case study investigating the adoption of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) The case of Tesco and Sainsburys, International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-10. Hennig-Thurau, T. Hansen, U 2013. Relationship marketing: Gaining competitive advantage through customer satisfaction and customer retention, Springer Science Business Media, Germany. Hougaard, S. Bjerre, M 2013, Strategic relationship marketing, Springer Science Business Media, Denmark. Little, E. Marandi, E 2003, Relationship marketing management, Thomson, London. Mollah, M. A. S. 2014 The impact of relationship marketing on customer loyalty at Tesco Plc, UK, European Journal of Business and Management, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 21-55. Oly Ndubisi, N 2007, Relationship marketing and customer loyalty, Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 98-106. Percy, W. S., Visvanathan, N. Watson, C 2010, Relationship marketing: Strategic and tactical challenges for SMEs, African Journal of Business Management, vol. 4, no. 13, pp. 2596-2603. Rther, C 2003, Are customers loyal to the Tesco Superstore in Roundhay, diplom.de, Germany. Ruther, C 2003, Are Customers loyal to the Tesco Superstore in Roundhay, Hamburg, diplom. de. Shajahan, S 2006, Relationship Marketing: Text and Cases, Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Sorce, P 2002, Relationship marketing strategy, Rochester Institute of Technology, pp. 1-26. Spencer-Oatey, H 2013, Achieving mutual understanding for effective intercultural management, Centre for Applied Linguistics, University of Warwick, pp. 1-15. 1Tesco 2016, Our Businesses, About Us, viewed 10 January 2016, https://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=276 2Tesco 2016, Key facts, About Us, viewed 10 January 2016, https://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=71. 3Tesco 2016. Core Purpose and Values. About Us, viewed 10 January 2016, https://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=10.

Advanced Critical Writing The WritePass Journal

Advanced Critical Writing Introduction Advanced Critical Writing ). Alcohol is undoubtedly a public health issue and is involved in a high number of road traffic accidents and anti-social activities such as assault, as well as being associated with a number of chronic diseases including alcoholic liver disease and a range of cancers (Rehm et al., 2009; Schà ¼tze et al., 2011). Furthermore, the economic cost can be devastating with alcohol-related injury costing the National Health Service (NHS) around  £2.7 billion a year, based on 2006 to 2007 figures (NHS, 2011). Therefore, the Government should indeed feel some responsibility to tackle and reduce these figures if at all possible. The author argues that such a strategy as minimum unit pricing for alcohol will be an infringement on the British people, a violation of the free market economy and will cause moderate and responsible drinkers to pay for the â€Å"crimes of a few.† However, the author later contradicts themselves saying that â€Å"boosting the cost [of alcohol] isn’t going to stop me drinking, it’s going to just leave me out of pocket.† Here, the author has gone from the extreme and dramatic to an almost mocking of the proposed policy. It becomes unclear whether the author truly believes that the policy would severely affect the innocent or whether it would simply leave people short of a few pounds at the end of the month. This type of contradictory writing can also been seen elsewhere in the article. For example, the writer opens the article with a murky and sinister scene using evocative words and phrases such as â€Å"swarming†, â€Å"staggering† and †Å"teenagers hunched over a bottle of Frosty Jacks.† This use of language suggests that the author is disgusted and repelled by binge drinkers and the open consumption of cheap alcohol on British streets. However, the author quickly goes on to denounce Government attempts to tackle the problem as a â€Å"crazy idea†, once again sending out a mixed message to the reader. The author also argues against the claim that an increase in prices for drinks with a high alcohol content will put off the type of people who buy such drinks purely to achieve a state of drunkenness, namely individuals suffering from alcoholism. The author asks â€Å"isn’t it their choice to drink alcohol?† and suggests that it is unacceptable to hurt the average person financially by trying to price such individuals out of the alcohol market. This an extremely reductionist viewpoint, meaning that the author of the article is reducing the plight of an alcoholic to the result of just â€Å"their choice† rather than taking into account the plethora of reasons that can lead an individual down the destructive road of alcoholism, such as homelessness, debt or abuse. Such a view-point is potentially damaging as Spanagel (2009) has warned that a reductionist view of the causes of alcoholism can stand in the way of a better understanding of the underlying pathological p rocesses involved in such addictive behaviour. The author goes on to claim that implementation of a  £0.45 minimum unit price for alcohol is the result of the Government’s attempt to try and make revenue from people who can afford a price rise but are just inconvenienced by it. This is an extreme accusation and the author has failed to take into account the evidence that suggests otherwise. Namely that such a policy could have a positive effect on public health and the economy.   Using a price-to-consumption model using various data sources and based on 54 population sub-groups classed as harmful, hazardous or moderate drinkers, Purshouse et al. (2010) estimated that a  £0.45 minimum price unit for alcohol would reduce alcohol consumption by 4.5% and avoid 1,970 alcohol-related deaths.   A recent systematic review found that a price increase of alcohol by around 10% would lead to a reduction in consumption of alcohol by around 5% (Wagenaar, Tobler and Komro, 2010). Both of these studies have provided strong evidenc e that a minimum unit pricing strategy with alcohol would be effective in reducing hazardous alcohol consumption. Further strengthening the argument in favour of minimum unit pricing are doubts that other attempts to reduce alcohol consumption will be far from successful. In a recent editorial, McKee (2012) highlighted that the three main â€Å"lines of attack† for tackling hazardous drinking consist of marketing, pricing and availability. Marketing and restrictions on availability are difficult to control, especially due to the lobbying power that many companies within the alcohol industry possess (McKee, 2012), and education-based interventions have been shown to be ineffective (Anderson, Chisholm and Fuhr, 2009) Therefore, pricing appears to be potentially the most effective and most easily manipulated element that the Government can utilise to tackle hazardous drinking. However, in addition to the positive effects that a minimum pricing policy has been predicted to have, there were also a number of drawbacks. For example, an increase in type 2 diabetes in young women was predicted due to a loss of the health benefits of moderate alcohol consumption and most of the reductions in harm would have been seen in chronic disorders in the over 45s, limiting the positive effect on the health and well-being of younger people (Purshouse et al., 2010). Furthermore, the figures produced by Purshouse et al. (2010) were based on a time period 10 years after policy implementation, suggesting that the benefit of a minimum pricing policy could be a long time coming. These drawbacks could be seen to support the author’s claim that the Government would use a minimum pricing strategy primarily to increase their income, seeing as though implementation of the policy would be limited in its immediate and overall beneficial effects on public health. Furthermore, alternatives to minimum pricing such as increasing tax on alcohol, have also been found to decrease levels of alcohol consumption (Elder et al., 2010). However, the existence of potentially equally as effective strategies for tackling hazardous drinking does not automatically suggest a conspiracy by the Government to reap more revenue through a minimum pricing strategy. The author of the article disagrees with the claim that alcohol fuels crime and with the figure that intoxicated people are involved in causing around 5,000 avoidable crimes every year. However, it is well documented that alcohol is prolifically involved in crime. From 1998 to 1999, 70% of crimes were found to have involved alcohol (Home Office, 2001), with alcohol being a component in up to 70% of all stabbings and beatings, 40% of domestic violence incidents and 50% of child protection cases (Alcohol Concern, 2000). These figures are highly disturbing and the author’s credibility is severely damaged in denying belief in such figures. The author ends the article with a rhetorical question by asking whether we would want â€Å"to live in a free country where people live as their consciences tell them† or whether we want to try and â€Å"control the behaviour of the poor by pricing them out of activities that we disapprove of?†   A similar use of rhetoric can be seen throughout the article. For example, the author suggests that the next stage after minimum unit pricing may be an increase in theatre tickets to reduce the number of â€Å"poorer, less educated people who might talk during the show.† This is an example of hyperbole where the author is exaggerating in order to manipulate their audience and create a strong emotional reaction. Through the use of rhetoric, the author will hope to encourage their audience to ‘come round’ to their way of thinking. However, the article would be far more persuasive if the author were to use more facts and empirical evidence to support their v iews. In conclusion, the article is well-written in terms of persuasiveness and in using rhetoric to create a strong emotional reaction in the audience. However, the author too often makes statements that contradict current empirical evidence without justification, which damages the credibility of the source.   References Alcohol Concern (2000) Britain’s Ruin: Meeting Government Objectives via a National Alcohol Strategy. London, UK: Alcohol Concern. Anderson, P., Chisholm, D. and Fuhr, D.C. (2009) Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of policies and programmes to reduce the harm caused by alcohol. Lancet, 373, pp. 2234-2246. Elder, R.W., Lawrence, B., Ferguson, A., Naimi, T.S., Brewer, R.D., Chattopadhyay, S.K., Toomey, T.L. and Fielding, J.E. (2010) The effectiveness of tax policy interventions for reducing excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 38(2), pp. 217-229. Home Office (2012) The Government’s Alcohol Strategy. London, UK: Home Office. Home Office (2001) Fighting Violent Crime Together: An Action Plan. London, UK: Home Office. Kuntsche, E., Rehm, J. and Gmel, G. (2004) Characteristics of binge drinkers in Europe. Social Science and Medicine, 59, pp. 113-127. McKee, M. (2012) Minimum unit pricing for alcohol – the case for action is overwhelming. European Journal of Public Health, 22(4), pp. 451. NHS (2011) Statistics on Alcohol: England, 2011. London, UK: The NHS Information Centre. Purshouse, R.C., Meier, P.S., Brennan, A., Taylor, K.B. and Rafia, R. (2010) Estimated effect of alcohol pricing policies on health and health economic outcomes in England: an epidemiological model. Lancet, 375, pp. 1355-1364. Rehm, J., Mathers, C., Popova, S., Thavorncharoensap, M., Teerawattananon, Y. and Patra, J. (2009) Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet, 373, pp. 2223-2233. Schà ¼tze, M., Boeing, H., Pischon, T. et al. (2011) Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal, 342, d1584. Spanagel, R. (2009) Alcoholism: A systems approach from molecular physiology to addictive behaviour. Physiological Reviews, 89(2), pp. 649-705. Wagenaar, A.C., Tobler, A.L. and Komro, K.A. (2010) Effects of alcohol tax and price policies on morbidity and mortality: a systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 100, pp. 2270-2278.

Free Essays on Motivation For Achieving Success

The Role of Motivation for achieving success for university students The role of motivation for achievement is very important for all students and especially for the students of higher educational institutions like universities and collages. In universities many students have problems with low academic motivation or even an absence of it, which leads to a passive attitude towards studying. In universities and collages students are more independent in forming their attitudes concerning studying, which will affect their further life, rather than in high schools. That is why it is extremely important for university students to be self-motivated in order to be successful. By motivation for achievement we consider a person’s aspiration to accomplish his work well, qualitatively, and to improve the results of the work. People with high level of motivation usually realistically evaluate their abilities in setting their goals, strive to overcome difficulties, and achieve success. Heckhausen thought that motivation for achievement could be determined as an attempt to increase a person’s abilities to do something or to keep them as high as possible. According to him, motivation has two main characteristics: a desire to achieve success or to avoid a failure. A desire to achieve success expresses a person’s confidence that he will accomplish his task, but the avoidance of a failure shows the fear to fail or not to fulfill the expectations. People oriented on failure are those people who are not self-confident and who always underestimate their abilities. People oriented on success believe that they can handle the requirements and tasks they are expected to do, have self-confidence and do not show constraint. With the feeling of optimism, they are inclined on success, are aware of their abilities, and mostly achieve their goals. (2001) According to Roediger L. Henry et al., the students who have a desire to achieve success are those wit... Free Essays on Motivation For Achieving Success Free Essays on Motivation For Achieving Success The Role of Motivation for achieving success for university students The role of motivation for achievement is very important for all students and especially for the students of higher educational institutions like universities and collages. In universities many students have problems with low academic motivation or even an absence of it, which leads to a passive attitude towards studying. In universities and collages students are more independent in forming their attitudes concerning studying, which will affect their further life, rather than in high schools. That is why it is extremely important for university students to be self-motivated in order to be successful. By motivation for achievement we consider a person’s aspiration to accomplish his work well, qualitatively, and to improve the results of the work. People with high level of motivation usually realistically evaluate their abilities in setting their goals, strive to overcome difficulties, and achieve success. Heckhausen thought that motivation for achievement could be determined as an attempt to increase a person’s abilities to do something or to keep them as high as possible. According to him, motivation has two main characteristics: a desire to achieve success or to avoid a failure. A desire to achieve success expresses a person’s confidence that he will accomplish his task, but the avoidance of a failure shows the fear to fail or not to fulfill the expectations. People oriented on failure are those people who are not self-confident and who always underestimate their abilities. People oriented on success believe that they can handle the requirements and tasks they are expected to do, have self-confidence and do not show constraint. With the feeling of optimism, they are inclined on success, are aware of their abilities, and mostly achieve their goals. (2001) According to Roediger L. Henry et al., the students who have a desire to achieve success are those wit...

Essay cycle1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cycle1 - Essay Example bled the country to withstand negative influences of the Western culture and protect it people against the danger of same-sex marriages, abortion, and drug abuse. Chinese is a religious nation and values their culture and their way of life which has enabled the country to increase its economic, social and political stability (Overview of Chinese Culture). The Chinese government monitors and censure internet access to protect against infiltration of global influence to its citizens. However, despite all the measure to protect it culture, Chinese people have abandoned some of their culture and embraced the trend in trade, commerce and economic integration among nations. Therefore, globalization has taken root and the country is now open to trade with any nation in the world. Globalization has not only increased the economic growth of China, but also paved way for market expansion. Globalization will lead to China becoming a vibrant and multicultural country, which is crucial for in the globalization era. In one way, globalization leads to the introduction of new cultures that may not be healthy to the original culture. It is clear that when cultures are super imposed, the two cultures are diluted and this lead to the formation of mixed cultures. Qin (2), a New York Times writer, raises the question â€Å"why Chinese has to be mixed up with so much English† to illustrate the results of superimposition of languages. The author supports the idea that globalization has led to the loss of the Chinese culture, which is a risk for the conservation of the original behaviour. Next, globalisation results that there is high chances for the introduction of ill behaviour when cultures interact. The implication of this is that when cultures interact, they tend to borrow from each other behavioural patterns. In China, the ideologies of same-sex marriage after the boom of tourism. While it is clear that the instances of same-sex marriage are rare in China, it cannot be compared to

Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Discussion Board - Essay Example Internet has emerged as the conveyer of leadership, synchronizer of teamwork, and facilitator of communication. Rapid networking has integrated most of the managerial and communication processes in and around the organization. No doubt, Internet has thus expanded the scope of organizational behavior manifold. (Nelson and Quick, 2007) In this context, the example of ObWeb can be readily furnished, which is an entire website dedicated to the cause of organizational behavior. The website serves two main purposes: First, it helps thought sharing, communication, and research in the field of organizational behavior. Second, it strengthens the organizational behaviorist patterns of the academics and professionals by serving as an interactive social media platform. Hence, the web portal provides a forum for the members to ask questions, get answers, post announcements, and engage in a dialogue to address the issues related to organizational behavior. (Leana, 2010) Internet is perhaps one of the strongest tools of information technology (IT). Internet has enabled us to access huge amounts of data, communicate with each other across thousands of miles, and facilitate trans-platform integration of different technologies like email, ecommerce, etc. However, in regards of organizational behavior, the potential effects of IT and Internet are not uniformly positive. Organizations that rely on sophisticated information technologies are more vulnerable to vandalism, espionage, and sabotage. Moreover, IT can create new social divisions. For example, the computer savvy may be put vis-Ã  -vis the nonuser and the educated may dominate the uneducated in newer ways. Faster ways to communicate through the Internet cannot substitute the critical human qualities like common sense and good judgment. Rather, too many channels of communication may lead to contradictions and confusion. Hence, advent of Internet has introduced new problems related to network

Music in the 1950 the artist Nat king Cole Essay

Music in the 1950 the artist Nat king Cole - Essay Example Beginning with the talent as a jazz pianist, Nat King Cole realized the early signs of increasing determination and love towards music at age four when his mother taught him how to play the organ. Eventually, this motivation enhanced his initial jazz performances which further led him to consider interests on rhythms both gospel and classical in nature. With this extent of capability and admiration, he had all the more developed a prominent edge as a jazz-labeled artist, performing in a range of jamming sessions at clubs and events as in the Jazz at the Philharmonic concerts, then creating a rather exhilarating impact on other big bands of the black culture through his personal concept of the jazz trio during the 1930s. As popularized by the trio composed of Nat himself as the pianist leading the combo, guitarist Oscar Moore, and double bassist Wesley Prince, this groundbreaking setup with piano, guitar, and bass greatly persuaded Cole’s moderate contemporaries and musicians o f the modern times to align their attitude in music with his fashion. Evidently, Nat King Cole’s innovation with jazz in this manner may be recognized to bear striking semblances with the styles of blues pianists Ray Charles and Charles Brown, as well as in the compositions of Art Tatum, Oscar Peterson, and Ahmad Jamal among those in major labels. In the short-lived melodic history of his making, Nat King Cole had been able to keep himself dynamic, moving from place to place as he played piano over jazz bars, on Broadway domains that made him accomplish pieces for Eubie Blake’s musical ‘Shuffle Along’ in particular, and in the other venues that witnessed his way with music, giving him followers out of the regular audience and certain artists alike. It did not take a great deal of perseverance to establish his ample influence given the frequency of his band’s live performances and the number of recorded radio transcriptions and locations where the ty pe of jazz rendered by Nat King Cole served a major stimulation for the public prone to romantic mood. On shifting to do vocals, however, he became obliged to go by the standards of the mainstream which at first received unfavorable remarks from both his fans and jazz critics yet this move flourished Cole’s singing career and in 1943, ‘Straighten Up and Fly Right’ with a gospel theme turned out to be his first vocal hit. After obtaining a sustainable market for this folk-based song, Nat King Cole was later inspired to attempt crossing grounds with rock and roll, a simultaneously ensuing demand at the time, which truly was a huge transformation from the origins his true identity was attached. By maintaining a pop-oriented status, Nat consequently sought the need to replace his traditional jazz trio setup by a new approach, often with string accompaniment. Thus, when some of the songs notched at the pop chart like ‘Those Lazy-Hazy-Crazy Days of Summer’ at number six, the inevitable direction to popularity built in him an icon that most people looked up to during the early stage of rock and roll. Of the songs that captivated rare appreciation of the public, it is specially notable to pay tribute to Cole’s authentic and outstandingly beautiful rendition of the classic ‘Mona Lisa’ which ranked first for over two months in the 1950’

Functions and role of a marketing audit

Functions and role of a marketing audit A marketing audit is a comprehensive, systematic, independent and periodic examination of companies or business units marketing environment , objectives, strategies and activities with a view to determining problem areas and opportunities and recommending a plan of action to improve the companys marketing performance'( Kotler.P,1977 ). Product- products in Hilton Kensington restaurant (west eleven) offering guest a wider selection of dishes and healthier choices. They not only incorporate important elements such as nutritional values, serving size and standards but also locally produced ingredients which is good. Price and promotion- price and promotion in west eleven restaurant is quiet amazing. The breakfast buffet is just  £12.95 which is a combination of both continental and English foods and dinner is contemporary European cuisine and carvery (buffet) for 21.95. Promotion includes highlife cards for regular guests which gives 50% discounted price for lunch and dinner. For promotion with kids meal drinks are free as well. People- The staffs and managers having a very good communication links and power distance is low to medium as well. The main strength is each and every staff working as a team and a team leader to control as well. So we are enable to make a good relationship with customers or in other words a good buyer- seller relationship. These all things help to realize that the reputation of brand that we are involved in, is in peoples hands. Process- In west eleven restaurant micros is a good technology which is using now to make good relation between waiters, chefs and the guest. The services of starters from 7min and main course 20min now a day. Physical evidence- we are maintaining a better brand image now for extending customer service relationships, selection, value, low price and to challenge with competing brands. It is the element of service mix as well which allows the customer again to make judgement on the organisation. Environment Environmental analysis enables an organisation to develop appropriate marketing strategies including the marketing mix. Environment can be divided into micro environment and macro environment. Important external forces that influence the marketing strategy include Customers- customers in west eleven restaurant always looks for quality of food rather than quantity. Most of the guests who are regular because they are meeting their needs. In the guest comments card 90% of the guest rating 7/10which is good not excellent. The major marketing segment is internet and apart from that print media, brouchers etc was there as well. The things like printed media will work inside the hotel wall posters of special offers, sports calendars etc to promote the guest. Competitors- competitors with Hilton Kensington hotel is Mariots south Kensington and novhotel Hammersmith which are upscale category but not luxurious category. The competition is taking place because they are patronized by same target customers, in same product class but there are differentiation, with a same geographic area and a similar price category. All of these hotels got good size, quality and interior decor in restaurants. But the price and value offered is just satisfactory when comparing to west eleven and the emarketig is not good enough as well. Both hotels having bit different strategies because they are concentrating more in leisure guest when Hilton restaurant is focusing mainly for business customers which includes business executives and airline staffs. PORTERS 5 FORCE MODEL Barriers of new entry Existing competitors entering new attractive domestic market.Economies of sale. Emergence of new entreprenal players. Supplier bargaining power Importance of volume to supplier Availability of skilled employees and management. Powerful brands( customers married to loyality scheme) No of competitiors Ratio demand capacity Industry profitability Buyers bargaining power Product diffrenciatioon Willingness to pay for brand name. Buyers incentives Threat of substitutes Switching costs Price-performance trade Of substitutes Products for products. Eg: same food ingredients and Products by competitors in differ-ent names. Five force analysis (source : porter 1980) Macro environment- it impacts on hospitality industry and affects all competitors. PEST frame work is very helpful in carrying out an environmental analysis of the organisation. PEST stands for political, economical, social and technological influences. Political/ legal:- political factors have a direct impact on the way of business operates. The political environment is not stable enough and things are getting changing in regular intervals. V.A.T is changing from January onwards from 17.5 to 20. Terrorism activities are increasing day by day. Economic:-Global recession happened in the mid of 2008s affects badly to the Hotel industry nationally and globally. But now its slowly recovering from the second quarter of 2010 and expected to continue the level of growth in the coming years. Currency inflation is playing a major role in economic growth. Intrest rates which are growing will affect partially as well. I.T has made a lot of difference in the current environment. Eg: If we take wi-fi or broadband in London 95% (est) of the people will use at home, work place or while travelling which is v.good, when comparing countries like Cuba which will be 5% or less which shows a huge penetration of I.T. Social:- one of the sociological factor increased population growth which adversely affecting hospitality industry. Now a days people are not spending much because of recession. When taking age distribution according to census of 2008 UK labour force is about 30.3 million workers, roughly the same size as the combined labour force of California and Texas. What the demographic trends shows is people of age group between 16-34 only working 30% of the total labour force which is bad as young people not working and the others work a lot. London society consists of a cosmopolitan culture which is much much larger in the amount when comparing with other major cities. Technological:-Introduction of ERP systems, emodels and High Speed Broadband systems increased their efficiency to serve their royal customers. But control measures have to take to mitigate the system failure risk, otherwise it will harmful the customer satisfaction. Productivity Productivity is a measure relating a quantity or quality of output to the inputs required to produce it. The benefits of marketing in Hilton are global reach, lower cost than traditional market methods, trackable and measureable results, personalisation, better conversion rates etc. In the other hand the risk which facing are dependability of technology, security, privacy issues, worldwide competition through globalization etc. The Main current problem and challenge which facing cost effectiveness are increased commodity prices. So now a days what is happening is food cost is going higher. Systems The use of intranet is more than extranet in my restaurant. The use of intranet is dominated by email followed by new service and product information, market information, employee listing etc. Marketing information systems providing accurate and timely information about development in the market place. Marketing control systems are good . The control procedures are looking and evaluating quarterly.most of the annual plan objectives are being achived. Provision is made to analyse periodically the profitability of different products, markets and channels of distribution. In my restaurant marketing auditor is responsible for all these systems. Organisation Marketing organisation audit is mainly considered as effectiveness of the organisation activities as well as efficiency of the operation of a company. The organisational structure supports most of the marketing activities. We got good working relation between sales and marketing. Product managers are able to plan profits and sales volume as well. Strategy The mission statement was not that much clear and feasible. The objectives stated in a clear form to guide marketing planning. The markets are segmented at an average fasion. For overall marketing decision process key things which are using are marketing performance audit and marketing competency audit. Marketing resources are some what allocted optimally to prime market segments and marketing mix like product quality,service,promotion, distribution etc.

A Method To Memory :: essays research papers

A Method to Memory The other night I was sitting at home in my room watching the Rockets game, and my phone begins to ring. I answer "Hello", and I hear this frantic voice that I recognize as my friend Mandy's. Mandy is a nervous wreck, she has a big bio-chem test in the morning and can't seem to remember a thing. I ask her what kind of information she has, and she tells me she has notes and her book. Now being the nice guy I am, and having just completed learning about memory in my Intro to Psych class, I turned off the T.V. and told her I'd help her learn to memorize things. The first thing I told her about was a method called rehearsal. I explained that rehearsal involved repeating the information time after time to keep it from fading from her short term memory, or STM. She was a bit confused so I simplified it for her. I reminded her of the other night when she was looking for the number to Pizza Hut in the phone book, and when she found it she started repeating over and over until she got to the phone and could dial it. She was astounded that she was doing this all along and didn't even know it. I then explained another short term memory method known as chunking. She cringed and thought I was talking about the keg party the other night, but I explained that chunking involves taking a large number or word and breaking it down into smaller pieces that could be remembered easier. I also told her that she could chunk together the first letters of a phrase to make it more accessible to her memory retrieval system. I gave her the example of the New York Stock Exchange, or N.Y.S.E. That helped her a lot, but she was concerned whether or not she would remember it all for the final, so I told her the more rehearsing she did, the deeper she would commit the information to memory.

Touchstone anthology of contemporary creative nonfiction Essay

Comparative essay assignment Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"In the Trenches† written by Charles Yale Harrison and â€Å"This Is Not Who We Are† written by Naomi Shihab are two different pieces of work which outline almost the same message. The analysis of these two stories differs in various ways such as application of styles, themes and imagery as articulated in each of the writings. Both contexts give a description about the occurrence of wars in the twentieth century in America but in different parts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the trenches which are written by Canadian writer Charles Yale Harrison is a story about the Canadian war which starts in Monreal, a place where an unidentified soldier who is twenty years old is together with Canadian soldiers formulating to set up the Germans in Belgium and France. In this writing, a horrifying and realistic portrayal is described in an antiwar statement. This story is expressed from the first person point of opinion of a soldier who is in a trench. The writer begins the story by describing his close relationship with his fellow soldiers; Anderson, Brown, Broadbent and Cleary and then shifts to the scenes of the infamous World War 1 trenches whereby the conditions are filthy and the soldiers are continually exposed to the flesh-looting rainfalls, lice and huge rats (Harrison, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, Naomi Shihab, Arab-American poet is the writer of â€Å"This is not who we are† which is almost similar to the â€Å"in the trenches† although the writer of this story depict it in form of a poem. This story begins with the writer’s personal life who seek relative safety in the American southwest which is a place torn by war. She describes her marital and emotional connection to Palestine since this is her ancestral homeland. The writer offers evidence of life in safer environment which she feels the disgrace of being an Arab in America at a time when every Arab is considered suspect, including her (Nye, 1997). Nevertheless, the introduction of these two stories brings a perspective on what the entire story is all about. The ideas between the two stories are presented in a different way depending on the kind of structure and form of each author. Therefore both contain different or similar themes, styles and li terary devices in delivering the message which the author wants to communicate. Styles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both stories have employed styles in communicating the message to the targeted audience in form of simile, metaphor, personification and imagery. Similes is the main style applied in both contexts, Naomi Shihab, the writer of â€Å"This is not who we are† begins by describing Arab-American skillful violinist as a stylish man who dresses decorous black suits and white shirts and plays like an angel. The writer adds that she wish for world symbols rather than the expensive American vehicles which wear American flags like hula skirts. This shows how she wished that the war could end rather than being prosperous and rich in a violent land. Moreover, the writer proceeds to describe the world that she wished to be and there is application of another simile when she states that she can â€Å"treasure the welcoming world of women†¦, smiling, nurturing, fixing, tending and wrapping language around one another like a warm cloak†. Similarly, Charles Yale Harrison has also applied similes in his writing when he was in the trench and states that he seen the whole army of wire posts beginning to move like a silent host towards him (Harrison, 2002). As the condition of war worsens, the writer depicts the boys who were in firing-step saying that they were like dead men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, as the soldiers struggles in the dirt trench to save their lives, the writer applies simile by stating that they try to hideaway into the ground like frightened rats. However, Charles Yale Harrison describes the red-tailed comets which were sent by the Germans as looking pretty like the fireworks they have left in Monreal adding that the sky is lit by hundreds of extravagant fireworks like a night carnival which sounds very ironical. During the process of protecting themselves from the explosives, the writer illustrate using a simile stating that the soldiers thrown their faces downward on the bottom of the grovel and trench like savages before that demoniac havoc. The application of similes in these two stories helps the audience to generate a kind of comparison which improves the understanding of what is going on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, metaphors and imagery has been applied in these two stories. Naomi Shihab (1997) describes the terrorist as men with hard faces who do vicious things. Although the terrorists are Arabs, the writer does not refer them as Arabs since she is one of them and wants to show that all Arabs are not terrorists. The behavior of men with the hard faces causes the writer to defend herself and her people against the idea that she is one of those with hard faces who choose fierceness over words. This demonstration serves a major drive of explaining that blaming all Arabs because of behavior of the few terrorists is unfair. The writer states a story about a gentleman who approaches her; this makes her afraid because she a half Arab thus this makes her to be momentarily tongue-tied but later finds her voice. Correspondingly, Harrison applies much of imagery and metaphors while describing the nature of the trench during war. He states that the tr ench is unsanitary due to the presence of mud, huge rats, flesh-rotting rainfalls and lice (Reid, 2004). The condition of the trench does not keep soldiers comfortable since they struggle to protect themselves from explosives of their enemies yet the place they are hiding is not safe. This story is distressing and upsetting; illuminating the certainties of war through the eyes of a young soldier and the impressions they fragment. Themes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theme of war is general from both stories since the principal message is about the occurrence of war. This theme develops strongly in â€Å"In the Trenches† written by Charles Yale Harrison, war between his fellow soldiers and the Europeans begins from the first line up to the last line. According to the writer, the war is horrifying and we find a sense of shock at the cruelty of war which alters depression to the soldiers. Charles Yale Harrison’s memoir leads us to wonder about why humans continue to retort to war in response to worldwide clashes while being fully conscious of its ferocity (Williford and Martone, 2007). The writer states how one of his fellow soldier said loudly as they argue that no wonder they are losing the bloody war. Moreover, the writer keeps stating that â€Å"so this is war† in many parts of the story thus depicting that the war is occurring. Conversely, Naomi Shihab describes the theme of war in form of terrorism which is caused by the men with hard faces. She describes his ancestral land as â€Å"a place torn by war†, (Williford &Martone, 51). This can evidently show the presence of war when she was writing this story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, theme of suffering is another theme which has been described in both pieces of writing. Harrison begins describing the theme of suffering by describing how his friend by the name Fry suffers with his feet, as he keeps sliding into holes and creeping out, all the way up. The writer adds that he can hear his friend coughing and panting behind him. In addition the writer states that his nose is bleeding from the force of the detonations (Reid, 2004). Generally, Harrison gives description on how they are affected by the conditions of the trench as they try to protect themselves from the explosives; this brings the theme of suffering plainly. Similarly, Naomi Shihab states that she cannot forget the fate of the people who suffer the daily indignities of surviving in a world at war, of persistent pain caused by the men with hard faces. In addition the writer says that she hold in heart so many distressed individuals because all friends and families of innocent victims affected by war are everywhere. This means that there were many people suffering due to the violence which was happening (Nye, 1997). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Generally, by comparing the two pieces of writing, I can conclude that they portray the same message but in a different manner and style because both stories focuses heavily on the conceit of war and violence in relation to the society. Harrison brings a clear perspective of the soldiers who were simply unexperienced youths, fighting ineffectively for meaningless ideals. Naomi Shihab brings a general explanation that blaming all Arabs for behavior of the few terrorists is absolute unfair. Both stories shape the future altitudes to war and develop a strong enthusiasm to the audience. References Harrison, C. (2002). Generals die in bed. Toronto: Annick Press. Nye, N. (1997). Habibi. New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers. Reid, J. H. (2004). Award-winning films of the 1930s: From Wings to Gone with the wind : the definitive guide. Morrisville, NC: Lulu Press. The Canadian republic magazine. (1929). Montreal: s.n. Williford, L., & Martone, M. (2007). Touchstone anthology of contemporary creative nonfiction. New York: Simon & Schuster. Source document